UC Berkeley sociolinguist Justin Davidson is part of a research team that has discovered where people who are bilingual process and store language-specific sounds and sound sequences in their brains.

For the first three years of Justin Davidson's childhood in Chicago, his mom spoke only Spanish to him. Although he never spoke the language as a young child, when Davidson began to learn Spanish in middle school, it came very quickly to him, and over the years, he became bilingual.Now an associate professor in UC Berkeley's Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Davidson is part of a research team that has discovered where in the brain bilinguals process and store language-specific sounds and sound sequences. The research project is ongoing.This is the final episode of a three-part series with Davidson about language in the U.S.&nbsp;Listen to the first two episodes:&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/03/29/berkeley-voices-legitimizing-us-spanish" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"A linguist's quest to legitimize U.S. Spanish</a>" and&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/05/berkeley-voices-a-language-divided" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"A language divided."</a>Photo courtesy of Justin Davidson.<a href="https://app.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a><a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/16/berkeley-voices-language-in-the-brain" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu).

123: One brain, two languages

Rachel Jeantel was on the phone with Trayvon Martin moments before he was killed in 2012. But when she testified at George Zimmerman's trial, the jury deemed her an unreliable witness. Why?

There are countless English varieties in the U.S. There's Boston English and California English and Texas English. There's Black English and Chicano English. There's standard academic, or white, English. They're all the same language, but linguistically, they're different."Standard academic English is most represented by affluent white males from the Midwest, specifically Ohio in the mid-20th century," says UC Berkeley sociolinguist Justin Davidson. "If you grow up in this country and your English is further away from that variety, then you may encounter instances where the way you speak is judged as less OK, less intelligent, less academically sound."And this language bias and divide can have devastating consequences, as it did in the trial of George Zimmerman, who killed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in 2012.&nbsp;This is the second episode of a three-part series with Davidson about language in the U.S. Listen to the first and third episode:&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/03/29/berkeley-voices-legitimizing-us-spanish" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"A linguist's quest to legitimize U.S. Spanish"</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/16/berkeley-voices-language-in-the-brain" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"One brain, two languages."</a><a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/05/berkeley-voices-a-language-divided" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu/podcasts).<a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a><a href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/NeighborhoodWatch/1301919835954b4387a73033bf20bc57/photo?Query=rachel%20jeantel&amp;mediaType=photo&amp;sortBy=arrivaldatetime:asc&amp;dateRange=Anytime&amp;totalCount=52&amp;currentItemNo=39" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">AP photo by Jacob Langston.</a>

122: A language divided

Spanish speakers in the U.S., among linguists and non-linguists, have been denigrated for the way that they speak, says UC Berkeley Professor Justin Davidson.

Spanish speakers in the United States, among linguists and non-linguists, have been denigrated for the way they speak, says UC Berkeley sociolinguist Justin Davidson. It’s part of the country's long history of scrutiny of non-monolingual English speakers, he says, dating back to the early 20th century."It’s groups in power — its discourses and collective communities — that sort of socially determine what kinds of words and what kinds of language are acceptable and unacceptable," says Davidson, an associate professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese.But the U.S. is a Spanish-speaking country, he says, and it’s time for us as a nation to embrace U.S. Spanish as a legitimate language variety.This is the first episode of a three-part series with Davidson about language in the U.S. Listen to other two episodes: <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/05/berkeley-voices-a-language-divided" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"A language divided"</a> and <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/04/16/berkeley-voices-language-in-the-brain" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">"One brain, two languages."</a><a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/03/29/berkeley-voices-legitimizing-us-spanish" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu).<a href="https://www.brittanyhoseasmall.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Photo by Brittany Hosea-Small.</a><a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a>

121: A linguist's quest to legitimize U.S. Spanish

In his research, UC Berkeley Ph.D. candidate Saagar Asnani looks at manuscripts from between the 12th and 14th centuries in medieval France. "If we unpack the genre of music, we will find a very precise record of how language was spoken."

In his research, UC Berkeley Ph.D. candidate Saagar Asnani looks at music manuscripts from between the 12th and 14th centuries in medieval France. He says only recently have scholars begun to use a wider variety of media and artistic expressions as a way to study language. "If we unpack the genre of music, we will find a very precise record of how language was spoken," Saagar says.&nbsp;To read medieval music, Saagar learned five languages — Latin, German, Italian, Catalan and Occitan — making 10 languages that he knows in total (for now, at least).&nbsp;In losing the history of pieces of music, Saagar says, we’ve lost languages and cultures that were present and important to the time period.&nbsp;And today, at a time when linguistic boundaries are crumbling before our eyes, he says, instead of judging someone who speaks differently from you, realize that “it's actually a way of speaking a language and that we should cherish that because it's beautiful in its own way."<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/03/05/berkeley-voices-medieval-music" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu/podcasts).UC Berkeley photo by Brandon Sánchez Mejia.

120: Medieval song holds clues to lost dialects

Photographer Brandon Sánchez Mejia, whose cohort is part of UC Berkeley's Department of Art Practice's 100th year, showcased his senior thesis project, "A Masculine Vulnerability," in the campus's Worth Ryder Art Gallery last semester.

Brandon Sánchez Mejia stood at a giant wall in UC Berkeley’s Worth Ryder Art Gallery and couldn’t believe his eyes. In front of him were 150 black-and-white photos of men’s bodies in all sorts of poses and from all sorts of angles. It was his senior thesis project, "<a href="https://brandonsanchezmejia.myportfolio.com/a-masculine-vulnerability" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">A Masculine Vulnerability</a>," and it was out for the world to see."It came from this idea that as men, we are not allowed to show skin as scars or emotions or weakness," said Sánchez, who will graduate from Berkeley this May with a bachelor’s degree in art practice.Sánchez’s cohort is part of the Department of Art of Practice’s 100th year, a milestone that department chair Ronald Rael said is cause for celebration."There have been moments in art practice’s history when it was unclear that art should be at a university at all," said Rael, a professor of architecture and affiliated faculty in art. "And here we are, at 100 years, and it’s one of the most popular majors on campus."<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/02/22/berkeley-voices-podcast-a-masculine-vulnerability" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu). This is a companion podcast to <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/02/06/profile-art-practice-student-brandon-sanchez-mejia" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">a feature story about Sánchez</a>, published earlier this month on Berkeley News. There, you can view more photos and read about about how Sánchez's mom made him stay inside for a year as a teenager in El Salvador out of fear he'd join a gang. And how, against his mom's wishes and without any money of his own, he decided to pursue an education — no matter what it took. UC Berkeley photo by Keegan Houser. <a href="https://app.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a>

119: Art student's photo series explores masculine vulnerability

“Just knowing this history, walking around campus and knowing it, you really feel like you belong,” said fourth-year student Daniella Lake, who was on the Black Lives at Cal team that created the tour.

The self-guided Black history tour at UC Berkeley begins at Memorial Stadium, where student Walter Gordon was a star of the football team more than 100 years ago. It then weaves through campus, making stops at 13 more locations, each highlighting an important person or landmark related to Black history.There's Ida Louise Jackson Graduate House, named in honor of the first African American woman to teach in Oakland public schools. Next is Barbara Christian Hall, named for the first Black woman to be granted tenure at Berkeley. Other stops include Wheeler Hall and Sproul Plaza, where Black visionaries, like James Baldwin and Martin Luther King Jr., gave famous speeches."Just knowing this history, walking around campus and knowing it, you really feel like you belong," said student Daniella Lake, who's on the Black Lives at Cal team that created the tour. "Black people have been here for the past 100 years, and if they were doing all these amazing things then, I can surely do it now."You can find the self-guided Black history tour at Berkeley on&nbsp;<a href="https://admin.iprsoftware.com/admin/engage/pages/cbedit/blac.berkeley.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Black Lives at Cal’s website</a>. And soon, on the site, you’ll also be able to sign up for upcoming in-person walking tours.<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/02/01/black-history-tour-at-uc-berkeley" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu/podcasts).<a href="sessions.blue" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a>Illustration by Heaven Jones.

118: Take the first Black history tour at UC Berkeley

Extensive social memory had previously been documented only in dolphins and up to 20 years. "What we're showing here," said UC Berkeley researcher Laura Simone Lewis, "is that chimps and bonobos may be able to remember that long — or longer."

Bonobos and chimpanzees — the closest extant relatives to humans — could have the longest-lasting nonhuman memory,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2304903120" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">a study led by a UC Berkeley researcher found</a>.&nbsp;Extensive social memory had previously been documented only in dolphins and up to 20 years."What we're showing here," said Berkeley comparative psychologist Laura Simone Lewis, "is that chimps and bonobos may be able to remember that long — or longer."Berkeley News&nbsp;writer Jason Pohl first&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/12/18/move-over-dolphins-chimps-and-bonobos-can-recognize-long-lost-friends-and-family-for-decades" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">published a story about this study</a>&nbsp;in December 2023. We used his interview with Lewis for this podcast episode.Photo courtesy of Laura Simone Lewis.<a href="https://app.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a><a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/01/26/bonobos-and-chimps-memory-study" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu/podcasts).

117: Bonobos and chimps show 'a rich recognition' for long-lost friends and family

Historians have long assumed that immigration policy in the U.S. began with federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration in the late 19th century. But it started before that — with the Irish.

Historians have long assumed that immigration to the United States was free from regulation until the introduction of federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration in the late 19th century. But UC Berkeley history professor Hidetaka Hirota, author of&nbsp;Expelling the Poor, says state immigration laws in the country were created earlier than that — and actually served as models for national immigration policy decades later.This is an episode of&nbsp;Afterthoughts, a series that highlights moments from&nbsp;Berkeley Voices&nbsp;interviews that didn’t make it into the final episode. This excerpt is from an interview with Hirota featured in&nbsp;<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/11/13/american-railroad" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Berkeley Voices&nbsp;episode #115: "They built the railroad. But they were left out of the American story."</a><a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/01/08/origins-of-us-immigration-policy" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the episode and read the transcript on Berkeley News</a> (news.berkeley.edu/podcasts).<a href="https://open.acast.com/networks/60075caa795a1c638da14c96/shows/5c354aedf026deab745444ad/episodes/sessions.blue" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c05528/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Photo from the Library of Congress.</a>

 Afterthoughts: The true origins of American immigration policy 

The first episode of the Oral History Center's new season about the legacy of Japanese American incarceration

Today, we're sharing the first episode of the new season of the&nbsp;Berkeley Remix,&nbsp;a podcast by UC Berkeley's Oral History Center.&nbsp;The four-episode season, called "From Generation to Generation: The Legacy of Japanese American Incarceration," centers the experiences of descendants of Japanese Americans incarcerated by the U.S. government during World War II. It explores themes of activism, contested memory, identity and belonging, and creative expression as a way to process and heal from intergenerational trauma. This first episode is called "It's happening now: Japanese American Activism."<a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/12/14/legacy-of-japanese-american-incarceration" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Listen to the podcast and read the transcript on Berkeley News.</a><a href="https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2023/11/13/qa-with-artist-emily-ehlen-on-illustrating-the-ohcs-japanese-american-intergenerational-narratives-oral-history-project/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Artwork by Emily Ehlen.</a><a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Music by Blue Dot Sessions.</a>

116: How WWII incarceration fueled generations of Japanese American activists

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