Explaining History

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores the neglected connection between economic austerity and political repression in the early years of Fascist Italy.Drawing on the groundbreaking work of economist Clara Mattei, we delve into how Mussolini's regime used budget cuts, regressive taxation, and mass layoffs not just to balance the books, but to crush the Italian working class. We examine the "Two Red Years" (Biennio Rosso) that terrified the bourgeoisie and how Fascism was welcomed by liberal elites as a necessary tool to restore order and protect private capital.From the hiking of third-class rail fares to the slashing of veteran benefits, we unpack how economic policy was weaponized to reverse the democratic gains of the post-WWI era. Was austerity the true engine of the Fascist counter-revolution?Key Topics:Austerity as Repression: How economic policy was used to discipline the working class.The Liberal-Fascist Alliance: Why mainstream economists supported Mussolini.The Biennio Rosso: The socialist uprising that terrified Italy’s elites.The Motto "Nothing for Nothing": De Stefani’s ruthless approach to public spending.Resources:"Austerity and Repressive Politics: Italian Economists and the Early Years of the Fascist Government" by Clara Mattei (Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna)

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick continues his exploration of 1960s radicalism, focusing on the disconnect between the student-led "New Left" and the American working class.While the counterculture is often remembered through images of campus protests and the SDS, the reality was far more complex. Drawing on Kim McQuaid’s The Anxious Years and Mike Davis’s Set the Night on Fire, we examine why the anti-war movement struggled to build bridges with blue-collar workers who were enjoying unprecedented prosperity.From the "hard hat riots" to the collapse of the Old Left after Khrushchev's secret speech, we delve into the ideological vacuum that student radicals tried—and largely failed—to fill. Why did the New Left view unions as "traitors to their class"? And how did the affluent origins of the student movement alienate the very people they hoped to liberate?Plus: Important announcements about our upcoming live masterclasses for history students in early 2026!Key Topics:The Ivory Tower: Why the New Left remained isolated on university campuses.The Hard Hat Riots: The clash between student radicals and pro-Nixon construction workers.The Collapse of the Old Left: How 1956 and 1968 destroyed faith in Soviet communism.Affluence vs. Revolution: Why prosperity dampened the revolutionary zeal of the American working class.Books Mentioned:The Anxious Years by Kim McQuaidSet the Night on Fire by Mike Davis and Jon WienerOne-Dimensional Man by Herbert Marcuse

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores how nostalgia has become a toxic force in British politics. Drawing on Liam Stanley’s Britain Alone, we examine how the "Blitz Spirit" and memories of WWII rationing have been cynically weaponized to justify modern austerity.Why do politicians suggest that food insecure families should "learn lessons from the wartime generation"? We unpack the myth that poverty is a moral failing rather than a structural one, and how the "Make Do and Mend" narrative is used to gaslight a population suffering from 15 years of cuts. From the "creative destruction" of the high street to the privatization of the public realm, Nick argues that the longing for a golden age is a symptom of a society in deep crisis.Plus: Stay tuned for updates on our upcoming live masterclasses for history students launching in January!Key Topics:Toxic Nostalgia: How the memory of WWII is used to enforce social compliance.The Myth of the Blitz: Challenging the idea of universal wartime solidarity.Austerity as Morality Play: The narrative of "strivers vs. skivers."State Intervention: How wartime rationing was actually a form of social protection, unlike modern food banks.Books Mentioned:Britain Alone by Liam StanleyThe People's War by Angus CalderThe Myth of the Blitz by Angus Calder

Ten years after the death of David Bowie, Nick is joined by author Alexander Larman to discuss his new biography, Lazarus: David Bowie from the Tin Machine to Blackstar.While the 1970s "Ziggy Stardust" era has been endlessly dissected, Larman shines a light on the often-overlooked second half of Bowie's career. From the artistic wilderness of the late 80s and the critical mauling of Tin Machine to his renaissance in the 90s and the "masterpiece" of his final album Blackstar, we explore the man behind the myths.Was Bowie a chameleon, a charlatan, or a genius trying to rediscover his voice? We discuss his flirtation with fascism, his "performative" interviews, and why, despite decades of reinvention, the Thin White Duke remains one of the most unknowable figures in cultural history.Key Topics:The Wilderness Years: Why Bowie lost his way in the 80s and how he found it again.Performance as Identity: Was Bowie ever "himself," or was every interview just another character?Blackstar: Reassessing Bowie’s final album as a meditation on mortality in a godless universe.The Bowie Archive: What the newly opened V&A East archive reveals about his creative process.Books Mentioned:Lazarus: David Bowie from the Tin Machine to Blackstar by Alexander Larman

Episode Summary:In the third part of our 2025 Year in Review, Nick shifts the focus to Asia, exploring the dramatic realignment of US-India relations under Donald Trump’s second term.For decades, Washington viewed India as a "natural strategic partner"—a democratic counterweight to China, showered with military aid and technology transfers. But in 2025, that special relationship has collapsed. Drawing on a fascinating analysis by Chinese foreign policy expert Mao Keji, we delve into why Trump has relegated India from "favorite child" to "strategic discard."Is this just Trumpian transactionalism, or a symptom of deeper American anxiety over its own decline? From the impact of tariffs to India’s refusal to abandon Russian energy, we examine how the US search for loyal "blood bags" to prop up its hegemony is alienating the very allies it needs most.Plus: Stay tuned for updates on our upcoming live masterclasses for history students launching in January!Key Topics:The Shift: From "Strategic Altruism" to transactional coercion.The Tariff War: How Trump’s protectionism hit India harder than almost anyone else.Russian Energy: Why India’s refusal to sanction Moscow broke the partnership.The Anxiety of Decline: How American weakness is driving a more aggressive, less strategic foreign policy.Resources:"Favorite Child to Abandoned Pawn" by Mao Keji (Beijing Cultural Review)

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores the rise of the "Consumer’s Republic" in post-war America. We examine how the dream of the suburban idyll—white picket fences, gleaming appliances, and mass car ownership—became a central pillar of US identity and stability.Drawing on Lizabeth Cohen's A Consumer's Republic, we delve into how corporate and political elites consciously steered American citizens away from collectivist politics and towards a highly individualized "politics of consumption." Nick discusses how suburbia was not just a place to live, but a tool for managing the economy, creating a new "mass middle class" out of the industrial working class.But beneath the surface of this "happy-go-spending world," there were darker currents: racial exclusion, environmental costs, and the fragility of an economic model built on endless growth. Was the golden age of suburbia a unique historical accident? And what happens when the dream of upward mobility begins to fade?Key Topics:The Consumer’s Republic: How consumption became a civic duty.Suburbia as Utopia: The role of magazines like Redbook in selling the suburban dream.Mass Home Ownership: How government-backed mortgages created a nation of property owners.The Politics of Prosperity: How affluence was used to defuse class conflict.Books Mentioned:A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America by Lizabeth CohenGrand Expectations by James T. Patterson

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores how different nations remember the Second World War, focusing on the stark contrast between American triumphalism and European melancholy.Drawing on Keith Lowe's brilliant book Prisoners of History, we delve into the cultural psychology behind monuments like the Iwo Jima Memorial. Why does America view its soldiers as "freedom warriors" and saints, while Europe often builds monuments to victims? We unpack the concept of "The Greatest Generation" and ask whether this mythology obscures the darker realities of the Pacific War.Nick also reflects on the "secular religion" of remembrance in Britain, the politicization of the poppy, and how the far-right has co-opted the memory of the war for modern nativist agendas. From the Blitz to Pearl Harbor, this episode examines how nations tell stories about themselves through stone and bronze.Plus: Stay tuned for updates on our upcoming live masterclasses for history students in early 2026!Key Topics:The Cult of Remembrance: How the poppy became politicized in 21st-century Britain.American Mythology: Why the US views WWII through a lens of heroism rather than trauma.Iwo Jima: The story behind the iconic photograph and the monument that immortalizes it.Monuments as Identity: How statues shape national narratives of victimhood and victory.Books Mentioned:Prisoners of History by Keith LoweThe Second World War by Antony Beevor (referenced contextually)

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores the emergence of the "New Left" in 1960s America—a movement born from the failure of Cold War liberalism to deliver on its promises.Drawing on Kim McQuaid’s The Anxious Years, we delve into the deep disillusionment that fuelled student radicalism. Why did young activists view "vital centre" liberals like JFK and LBJ not as allies, but as "closet right-wingers" trapped in an imperialist mindset? We examine the "bipartisan banality" of the era, where fear of being labelled "soft on communism" drove Democrats to escalate wars in Vietnam and Cuba, often with more ferocity than their Republican counterparts.From the devastating psychological blow of the Tet Offensive to the collapse of trust in the "foreign policy establishment," we uncover why 1968 became the year the liberal consensus shattered.Plus: Big announcements about our upcoming live masterclasses for history students in January and February 2026!Key Topics:The New Left: How the SDS and student radicals challenged the "Old Left" and the liberal establishment.Cold War Liberalism: Why Democrats felt compelled to "out-hawk" the Republicans.The Credibility Gap: How the Tet Offensive exposed the lies of the war managers.The "Deep State": The origins of the term and the critique of an unelected power elite.Books Mentioned:The Anxious Years: America in the Vietnam-Watergate Era by Kim McQuaidThe Great Fear by David Caute

Is 2025 the year the European project finally hit the wall? In this episode, we argue that 2025 serves as a massive historical inflection point—comparable to 1933, 1968, or 1989—marking the definitive end of the post-Cold War era.We explore the "perfect storm" battering the continent: the return of Donald Trump and the removal of the American security umbrella, the accelerating de-industrialization of Germany, and the demographic cliff-edge that makes mass migration an economic necessity despite the violent rise of the far-right. From the strategic failures of centrists like Macron and Starmer to the paralyzing energy crisis, we ask the hard question: Is Europe facing its own "Century of Humiliation"?Key Topics:Why the "End of History" (1989-2025) is officially over.The impact of the US National Security Strategy on European industry.The Centrist Trap: Why copying far-right rhetoric is failing.The Demographic Crisis: Replacement rates vs. political reality.The collapse of the German car industry and the China dilemma.