Explaining History

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick revisits Nikolaus Wachsmann's monumental study, KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps.We explore a critical and often misunderstood aspect of the Holocaust: the relationship between the Concentration Camps (KL) and the extermination camps of the East. Why were Jews initially marginalized within the KL system? How did the failure of the war against the Soviet Union in 1941 shift Nazi policy from the exploitation of Soviet POWs to the mass enslavement and murder of Jews?We delve into the infamous Wannsee Conference, decoding the euphemisms of "resettlement" and "natural wastage," and examine how chaotic decision-making at the top of the Nazi hierarchy led to the transformation of Auschwitz-Birkenau into an industrial center of death.Plus: Stay tuned for an announcement about an upcoming live masterclass on the Russian Revolution and Stalinism for students.Key Topics:The KL vs. Death Camps: Understanding the distinction between camps like Dachau and extermination centers like Treblinka.The Wannsee Conference: How bureaucrats planned genocide over lunch.Annihilation Through Labour: The shift from Soviet POWs to Jewish slave labour.The Transformation of Auschwitz: How Birkenau became the primary site for the "Final Solution."Books Mentioned:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps by Nikolaus WachsmannThe Third Reich at War by Richard J. EvansBloodlands by Timothy Snyder

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick delves into the harrowing yet complex world of child labour during the British Industrial Revolution. Moving beyond the Dickensian caricatures of helpless victims, we explore Emma Griffin's groundbreaking book, Liberty’s Dawn: A People's History of the Industrial Revolution.Through the voices of those who lived it—captured in hundreds of working-class autobiographies—we uncover the brutal reality of 13-hour shifts in cotton mills and lonely vigils in sheep pastures. But we also find stories of agency, survival, and the nuanced family decisions that sent children as young as six into the workforce. Why did some destitute families hold their children back from work until age 10? And how did access to apprenticeships divide the working class into the "skilled" and the "unskilled"?Plus: Stay tuned for an announcement about an upcoming live masterclass on Russian History for students!Key Topics:The "White Slaves of England": How reformers and novelists shaped our view of child labour.The Age of Work: Analyzing data from 350 autobiographies to find the average starting age of a child worker.Agency vs. Victimhood: Why we must view historical subjects as complex human beings, not just statistics.The Skilled Divide: How apprenticeships offered a lifeline out of poverty.Books Mentioned:Liberty’s Dawn: A People's History of the Industrial Revolution by Emma GriffinOliver Twist & David Copperfield by Charles DickensThe Water-Babies by Charles Kingsley

In 1840, a monk disappeared in Damascus, and the ancient, deadly accusation of "blood libel" was levelled against the city's Jewish community. This event, known as the Damascus Affair, became a pivotal moment in 19th-century Jewish history, sending shockwaves from the Ottoman Empire to the capitals of Europe.In this episode of Explaining History, Nick continues his exploration of Jonathan Frankel's Crisis, Revolution, and Russian Jews. We examine how this crisis mobilized Western Jewish leaders like Moses Montefiore and Adolphe Crémieux, who launched an unprecedented international campaign for justice. But this wasn't just a story of Jewish solidarity; it was deeply entangled with the imperial ambitions of Britain and France. Why did Lord Palmerston advocate for Jewish restoration to Palestine decades before Herzl? And how did the liberal ideals of the French Revolution clash with the realpolitik of the Ottoman East?Key Topics:The Damascus Affair: The origins of the crisis and the torture of Jewish community leaders.The Liberal Response: How Western Jews used the press and public opinion to fight for their brethren.Imperial Meddling: Lord Palmerston, the Rothschilds, and the geopolitical chess game in the Middle East.Proto-Zionism: The early stirrings of the idea that Jewish safety might lie in a return to Palestine.Books Mentioned:Crisis, Revolution, and Russian Jews by Jonathan FrankelThe Damascus Affair by Jonathan Frankel (referenced contextually)

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick analyzes the newly published 2025 US National Security Strategy, a document that could be considered a foundational text for the global far-right.We explore how this strategy, with its language of "civilizational erasure" and "European greatness," mirrors the rhetoric of leaders like Viktor Orban and the conspiracy theories of the "Great Replacement." Nick argues that this is not just ideology; it is a manifesto for American interference in European elections, designed to undermine social democracy and pave the way for deregulation favorable to US capital.From the demonization of migration to the cynical normalization of Russia, we unpack how the Trump administration is attempting to reshape Europe in its own image—and why the economic weakness of the continent leaves it vulnerable to this new, aggressive Monroe Doctrine.Key Topics:The 2025 Strategy: A blueprint for far-right interventionism.Civilizational Rhetoric: How "Great Replacement" theory has entered US policy.Economic Imperialism: The drive to deregulate Europe for American corporations.The Future of NATO: Why the US is pivoting towards "patriotic" (i.e., far-right) allies.References:Cas Mudde's analysis in The GuardianOswald Spengler's The Decline of the WestRenaud Camus' The Great Replacement

Episode Summary:In the second part of our exploration into the Stalin-Tito split, Nick delves into the dramatic climax of 1948: the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform.Stalin famously boasted, "I will shake my little finger, and there will be no more Tito." But as history shows, he couldn't have been more wrong. We examine how Tito's audacious foreign policy—from supporting Greek communists to proposing a Balkan Federation—terrified Moscow. We also look at the brutal internal purges that followed, as "Titoism" became the new "Trotskyism," a label used to hunt down heretics across the Eastern Bloc.From spy scandals to the grim reality of the Goli Otok prison camp, this episode reveals the high stakes of defying the Kremlin.Plus: Stay tuned for more details on our upcoming live masterclass on Stalinist Russia for A-Level students!Key Topics:The Bled Agreement: Tito’s plan for a Balkan Federation.The Cominform Expulsion: How Stalin tried (and failed) to crush Yugoslav independence.Titoism as Heresy: The purges of "Titoist" elements across Eastern Europe.Goli Otok: The brutal camp where pro-Soviet communists were imprisoned.Books Mentioned:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After by R.J. CramptonKGB: The Inside Story by Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky (referenced contextually)

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick takes a deep dive into the history and necessity of taxation, connecting the Tudor reign of Henry VII to the modern crisis of inequality in the UK.With the Green Party surging past Labour in recent polls by promising to "tax the rich," we explore why this idea is about more than just funding public services—it's about democracy itself. Nick draws a parallel between the "overmighty nobles" of the 15th century, whose private armies threatened the crown, and today’s billionaires, whose vast wealth allows them to purchase political influence and bypass democratic norms.From the dismantling of the post-war social democratic consensus to the devastating impact of austerity (or "de-development") on British society, we ask: Can a society survive when capital has captured the state?Key Topics:The Green Surge: Zack Polanski and the political shift to the left.Henry VII’s Strategy: How taxing the nobility prevented civil war and consolidated power.Rentier Capitalism: Why "lazy money" prefers property to innovation.Austerity as De-development: The stealth privatization of British life.The Threat to Democracy: How extreme wealth inequality destabilizes nations.

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores one of the most critical schisms in Cold War history: the rupture between Joseph Stalin and Josip Broz Tito. While the Sino-Soviet split often grabs the headlines, the breakdown in relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia in 1948 was the first major crack in the monolithic facade of international communism.We delve into why Tito, a leader who seized power largely without the help of the Red Army, posed such a unique threat to Stalin's worldview. From the economic exploitation of Yugoslav resources to the cultural arrogance of Soviet officials (who charged exorbitant fees for mediocre propaganda films while questioning Yugoslav culture), we uncover the petty grievances and deep ideological rifts that led to Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Cominform.Plus: Stick around until the end for an exclusive announcement about an upcoming live masterclass on Stalinist Russia for students!Key Topics:The Roots of the Split: Why Tito’s independence terrified Stalin.Economic Imperialism: How the USSR tried to exploit Yugoslavia’s resources.Cultural Dominance: The clash between Soviet arrogance and Yugoslav pride.The Assassination Plot: How Stalin planned to kill the "heretic" Tito.Books Mentioned:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After by R.J. CramptonFor the full story visit us at Explaining History

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick delves into Jonathan Frankel's seminal work, Crisis, Revolution, and Russian Jews. We explore how moments of acute crisis—from the Damascus Affair of 1840 to the pogroms of 1881—shaped the political and intellectual life of Jewish communities in the Russian Empire.How did a diaspora community, scattered across Europe and lacking a sovereign state, respond to existential threats? We examine the triadic conflict between traditionalism, liberal assimilation, and the rising tide of Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and socialism. Nick also reflects on the modern parallels of diaspora identity, the tension between integration and distinctiveness, and how persecution acts as a catalyst for political transformation.Key Topics:The Politics of Crisis: How external threats like the Damascus Affair mobilized Jewish solidarity across borders.Assimilation vs. Autonomy: The 19th-century debate between becoming "Russian" or "German" versus maintaining a distinct Jewish identity.The Turning Point of 1881: How the pogroms following the assassination of Alexander II shattered the dreams of integration and fueled the rise of Zionism and the Bund.Primo Levi & Identity: A reflection on how persecution forces identity upon individuals, regardless of their assimilation.Books Mentioned:Crisis, Revolution, and Russian Jews by Jonathan FrankelImagined Communities by Benedict AndersonIf This Is a Man by Primo Levi

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick delves into the institutional failures of the Imperial Russian Army in the critical decade before World War I. Drawing from the essay collection Reforming the Tsar’s Army, we explore how the disastrous defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 shook the foundations of Tsarist power.We examine the struggle between military modernizers like General N.P. Mikhnevich, who sought to adapt to the new realities of machine guns and trenches, and traditionalists who clung to the Napoleonic dictum of "bayonets before bullets." Why did the Russian General Staff fail to develop a coherent doctrine for modern warfare? And how did this structural incompetence pave the way for the catastrophes of 1914?Key Topics:The Shock of 1905: How defeat by Japan exposed the rot in the Tsarist military.The General Staff Debate: The clash between modernizers and the old guard over the role of staff officers.Mikhnevich’s Survey: A rare moment of candor where officers admitted their training was "thoroughly inadequate."Structural Incompetence: Why individual bravery couldn't overcome a failure to understand modern industrial warfare.Books Mentioned:Reforming the Tsar’s Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution edited by David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye and Bruce W. Menning.