Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development

<h4>7.3&nbsp;Towards Effective Development</h4>"The approach outlined here benefits scholars and practitioners alike. For scholars, it provides new insights into studies of both the state and social forces.&nbsp;Studies that focus solely on the impact of political institutions on outcomes are likely to attribute far more import to the political institutions than is warranted. So too, efforts to understand the role of identity or to link identities and social conditions – such as economic inequalities or rural–urban divides – are incomplete unless they consider the relationship between such identities and overlapping arenas of authority." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7.3 Towards Effective Development

<h4>7.2.3&nbsp;Methodological Challenges and Opportunities</h4>"This approach has methodological implications as well. It raises new measurement challenges. Given the value of social institutions and the subnational variation across them, it implies a move away from selective, single-realm&nbsp;judgements of quality of governance (e.g., fragile state indices). These, and even more extensive multi-sectoral measures, can permit us only a measure of governance and development. If governance takes place outside the state, to greater and lesser extents, then the study and practice of development requires metrics that take into account state and social arenas, tap into the relative importance and designs of these different arenas, and facilitate a mapping from arenas to outcomes." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164

7.2.3 Methodological Challenges and Opportunities

<h4>7.2.2&nbsp;Unanswered Questions</h4>"This perspective also raises a number of questions that require future research. Some questions are familiar, although they generally have been reserved for the state: how do the familiar dimensions of states – the strength or design of institutions – affect when and how individuals respond, to what effect? How does codification (i.e., moving from informal to formal, or parchment, rules) of non-state institutions affect behavior and development? How does the nature of leadership – the level of hierarchy, exclusivity, or turnover – affect outcomes? How do changes in technology, ideology, and material resources affect the power of alternative arenas over individuals, promote contestation over and changes in social institutions within them, or lead to the emergence of new arenas of authority altogether?" Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7.2.2 Unanswered Questions

<h4>7.2.1&nbsp;Initial Expectations</h4>"The answer to the question of which arenas of authority are relevant to the issue at hand is less obvious than it may appear. Actions often have multiple meanings: voting for a candidate is an act of choosing a policy, but also a demonstration of allegiance to an ethnic group or adherence to a religious doctrine; deciding whether or not to doctor an injured rebel is a choice of allegiance to the state, but also of support for a local community or commitment to a professional oath. Not all arenas are relevant to all decisions, and they are not always in conflict. But to know when&nbsp;they are relevant, one needs to recognize the multiple meanings of actions and how they fit within individuals’ memberships in different arenas." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7.2.1 Initial Expectations

<h4>7.2&nbsp;Charting the Path Forward</h4>"A framework that takes arenas of authority and social institutions into account prompts analysts and practitioners to ask a number of questions: which arenas of authority matter for the issue at hand? How do the social institutions within the different arenas shape behaviour and development outcomes? (See&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3#FIGm-fig-4" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.) Moving forward requires fully interrogating expectations derived from the extant literature, answering new questions that emerge from the framework, and addressing methodological challenges." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7.2 Charting the Path Forward

<h4>7.1&nbsp;Defining Arenas and Social Institutions</h4>"Taking the competing arenas of authority and social institutions that affect individuals’ decisions into account requires that they be well defined. These are not merely the residuals, defined by what is left over after one has taken the state and its institutions into account. Nor should they be understood only as disruption to the state – corruption, clientelism, or capture. Finally, they are not simply identity groups. Arenas may be based on ethnicity, religion, or other identities; however, it is not the nature of the identity but rather the characteristics of arenas and institutions that shape action. The goal is not just to recognize that ethnicity, religion, or other identities affect the choices made by voters and politicians, citizens, and service providers. It is to understand how differences in the nature of these arenas and institutions outside the state shape their engagement – regardless of the identity on which they are based." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7.1 Defining Arenas and Social Institutions

<h3>7&nbsp;Conclusion</h3>"The dominant perspective on governance and development has privileged the state. Definitionally, scholars and practitioners often ascribe the state dominance over all other social organizations. Intellectually, scholars under-theorize non-state authorities and institutions. Practically, they devise programmes that seek to improve human welfare by shaping primarily state political and administrative institutions." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

7 Conclusion

<h4>6.4&nbsp;Implication: The Role and Development of (Non-)State Institutions</h4>"Electoral rules, administrative boundaries, and political parties are often viewed as state-based institutions; yet, as the aforementioned examples illustrate, they&nbsp;often are both shaped by and act as institutions in arenas outside the state. Electoral rules, for instance, can affect the extent to which individuals have incentives to demonstrate their allegiance to their tribe, locality, or other social group. Gender quotas can alter the rewards associated with following obligations for women to stay removed from the public sphere. So, too, actors and organizations associated with non-state arenas can act as substitutes for institutions associated with the state. The ability of tribal, religious, or other organizations to coordinate candidates and mobilize support undermines party development, but it also means that one finds the relevant institutions that shape electoral mobilization in tribes or other arenas, not in the state. Institutions associated with the state are often institutions of non-state arenas as well, and institutions in non-state arenas often shape engagement in the state. That is, institutions are not always either state or non-state institutions but may act in multiple arenas of authority at the same time." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164

6.4 Implication: The Role and Development of (Non-)State Institutions

<h4>6.3&nbsp;Political Parties</h4>"Arenas of authority and social institutions also affect the development of political parties and party systems. As with electoral rules, scholars and practitioners primarily view political parties and party systems in terms of the state as organizations and systems that structure competition over political office. These scholars recognize that social context influences the development of parties and party systems (Boix, 1997; Lipset and Rokkan, 1967), but do not explicitly consider arenas of authority and the social institutions within them. These authorities not only influence the development of parties and party systems, but also give them meaning that extends beyond their roles in the state." Full Chapter via Cambridge Core:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/everyday-choices/41C482AE689FE13A4A4A4EFA480032D3</a> This audiobook is produced by Mediateknik at the University of Gothenburg. © Lust, E. (2022).&nbsp;Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development&nbsp;(Elements in the Politics of Development). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009306164&nbsp;

6.3 Political Parties

<h3>Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development</h3> <h4>Abstract</h4>Scholars and practitioners seek development solutions through the engineering and strengthening of state institutions. Yet, the state is not the only or often even the primary arena shaping how citizens, service providers, and state officials engage in actions that constitute politics and development. These individuals are members of religious orders, ethnic communities, and other groups that make claims about them, creating incentives that shape their actions. Recognizing how individuals experience these claims and view the choices before them is essential to understanding political processes and development outcomes. Taking an institutional approach, this Element explains how the salience of arenas of authority associated with various communities and the nature of social institutions within them affect politics and development. It establishes a framework of politics and development that allows for knowledge accumulation, guides future research, and can facilitate effective programming. This title is also available as OpenAccess on Cambridge Core.&nbsp;&nbsp;Keywords:&nbsp;development, social institutions, political behaviour, authority, service provision

Everyday Choices: The Role of Competing Authorities and Social Institutions in Politics and Development

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