The bizarre story of what looked like a pioneering effort to mine minerals off the ocean floor – and was anything but. 

It's 1968 and a Soviet sub carrying nuclear warheads has gone missing – lost, with all hands. The Soviets never found it – but the Americans did – in nearly 5000 meters of water.What follows is the strange tale of Project Azorian, an ultra-secret mission by the US Central Intelligence Agency, the CIA, that played on national fervor over deep sea mining to create an elaborate cover story to raise the sub. This strange tale involved Howard Hughes, a journey around the tip of South America, the 1973 Chilean coup and a 1974 burglary. This last resulted in an expose of what has been called one of the greatest covert operations in the CIA's history.I stumbled onto this story in the course of reporting the episode on Norway's decision to open its seabed to exploration and mining, and couldn't resist making a little podcast extra about it since it's such a bizarre tale. Fortunately, my guest on today's show, <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/mats.ingulstad" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mats Ingulstad,</a> a professor at NTNU's Department of Modern History and Society, was equally fascinated by this little sidebar to the history of deep sea mining, so here you have it. Here are some links to relevant documents:The<a href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> declassified CIA document (heavily excised) about Project Azorian</a>, with lots of amazing detailsThe <a href=" https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">US National Security Archive's webpage describing the declassification of the CIA's Project Azorian</a>The US Department of State, Office of the Historian's extremely detailed description of&nbsp;<a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/ch4" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The&nbsp;Hughes&nbsp;Glomar Explorer’s Secret Mission to Recover a Sunken Soviet Submarine</a>For the definitive account of the whole affair, check out the book<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Project-Azorian-CIA-Raising-K-129/dp/1591146682" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129</a>.A New York Times article about the 1974 burglary that first exposed Project Azorian: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/27/archives/an-easy-burglary-led-to-the-disclosure-of-hughescia-plan-to-salvage.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/27/archives/an-easy-burglary-led-to-the-disclosure-of-hughescia-plan-to-salvage.html</a>The Wikipedia page on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Azorian" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Project Azorian</a>The Kennedy speech came from a 28-minute film made on behalf of the US Air Force, called <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/usg-03-i" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Oceanography: Science for Survival</a>. It's available from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.I don't talk about it, but the part of the sub that was raised also contained the bodies of six submariners, who were subsequently given a proper burial at sea. There's a video of the ceremony <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOypyBdVZhU" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>.If you've read this far, I'd be interested in feedback on the sound design of this podcast. I had access to a different music library and decided to use a lot of music to see how it would sound. So let me know: was it too loud, too much, not enough? If you do send a note, make sure to tell me what kind of headphones you're using. Other comments? Questions? Fan mail? email me at <a href="mailto:nancy.bazilchuk@ntnu.no" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">nancy.bazilchuk@ntnu.no</a>

Strange bedfellows: Howard Hughes, a $2 billion ship and a lost Soviet submarine

Will  Norway's first-in-the-world decision to open its seabed to mining help save the planet – or destroy the deep?

Norway's Mid-Arctic Ocean Ridge is alive with underwater volcanic activity – where big towers called black smokers spew mineral-laden boiling hot water into the ocean. The minerals precipitate out, and have accumulated over millions of years. At the same time, this extreme environment is home to lots of weird creatures mostly unknown to science. This week, a look at the pros and cons of Norway's decision to open an area the size of Italy to extract minerals. Today's guests are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/mats.ingulstad" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mats Ingulstad</a>, <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/egil.tjaland" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Egil Tjåland</a>, <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/kurt.aasly" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kurt Aasly</a> and <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/torkild.bakken" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Torkild Bakken</a>.Here are links to some of the articles and opinion pieces mentioned in the show:<ul><li><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2024/01/norway-needs-to-know-much-more-before-actually-mining-the-deep-sea/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Norway needs to know much more before actually mining the deep sea</a> Opinion piece written by Mats Ingulstad and his colleagues at <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/sustainability/tripledeep" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Triple Deep</a>, first published Dagens Næringsliv, a national newspaper.</li><li>This <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/vod.html?mode=chapter&amp;vodLanguage=EN&amp;internalEPId=1705496809111&amp;providerMeetingId=64222178-7e2d-4c02-5bd1-08dc11b56bb8#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">link takes you to the 17 Jan. EU Parliament hearing</a> on Norway's decision.</li><li><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2024/01/norway-will-be-the-first-in-the-world-to-approve-seabed-mining-is-it-a-good-idea/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Norway will be the first in the world to approve seabed mining. Is it a good idea</a>? A piece from Norwegian SciTech News with a roundup of coverage on seabed mining.</li><li>A <a href="https://offshorenorge.no/contentassets/f7a40b81236149ea898b87ff2e43a0e3/20201120-marine-minerals---norwegian-value-creation-potential.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> report summary from Rystad Energy</a>, commissioned in part by the <a href="https://marineminerals.no/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Norwegian Forum for Marine Minerals</a>, which estimates the economic potential of the seabed minerals in the area opened by the Norwegian government.</li><li>The European Academies' Science Advisory Council report <a href="https://easac.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/EASAC_Deep_Sea_Mining_Web_publication_.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">assessing future needs and environmental impacts of deep sea mining. </a></li><li>This <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00104-w" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">editorial from the academic journal Nature </a>argues that Norway's decision undermines efforts to protect the ocean.</li><li>The scientific article about new species discovered around Loki's Castle: Eilertsen, Mari Heggernes; Kongsrud, Jon Anders; Tandberg, Anne Helene S.; Alvestad, Tom; Budaeva, Nataliya; Martell, Luis.&nbsp;(2024)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46434-z" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Diversity, habitat endemicity and trophic ecology of the fauna of Loki’s Castle vent field on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.</a></li><li>Here's<a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080724153941.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> a link to the press release from the University of Bergen </a>on the discovery of Loki's Castle.</li></ul> Find<a href="http://tinyurl.com/5ya2z7py" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> the transcript here</a>

Seabed mining – savior or scourge?

The inside scoop — or view from the scientist's perspective — from one of the IPCC scientists who went to the climate talks in Dubai

Our guest on today's show is <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/anders.hammer.stromman" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Anders Hammer Strømman</a>, one of the lead authors for the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on mitigation of climate change, released in April 2022. He was invited to Dubai to the COP 28 climate talks to talk to the shipping industry about how they can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. He also shares his experience – not from the negotiating rooms – but from the perspective of a scientist seeing his work being taken up by policy makers. Here's a link to the IPCC report for which Anders was one of the lead authors:<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/chapter/chapter-10/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/chapter/chapter-10/</a> You can read more about other NTNU researchers, including <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/helene.muri" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Helene Muri </a>and <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/edgar.hertwich" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Edgar Hertwich</a>, who participated in the conference here:<a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/12/climate-talks-and-the-way-forward/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/12/climate-talks-and-the-way-forward/</a><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/12/the-energy-footprint-of-architecture-built-by-oil/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/12/the-energy-footprint-of-architecture-built-by-oil/</a><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2021/09/blocking-the-sun-to-control-global-warming/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2021/09/blocking-the-sun-to-control-global-warming/</a>

Report from Dubai

We think of trees as silent sentinels, watching as the world goes by and the ages pass. But what if you could see what they have seen?

In their careful records of climate change over the centuries — and millennia — trees offer a kind of crystal ball on the past. But they can also help researchers figure out everything from what happened in Norway during the Black Death to how Nazis hid an enormous battleship from the Allies during WWII to how much it rained in Norway during millennia past, when it was much warmer than today. Our guests on today's show are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/helene.svarva" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Helene Svarva</a> and <a href="https://www.claudia-hartl.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Claudia Hartl.</a> You can see a transcript of the show <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/139226/1297435602/S3+Ep+19+Transcript.pdf/7e8c6ee7-34bd-7916-17eb-e7cb676bd3e5?t=1698922915702" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>. Here's a selection of academic articles discussed in today's show: Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; Seim, Andrea; Tegel, Willy; Krusic, Paul J.; Baittinger, Claudia; Belingard, Christelle.&nbsp;(2022)&nbsp;<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3038956" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Regional Patterns of Late Medieval and Early Modern European Building Activity Revealed by Felling Dates.</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</a> Thun, Terje; Svarva, Helene Løvstrand.&nbsp;(2018)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2482593" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tree-ring growth shows that the significant population decline in Norway began before the Black Death.</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.elsevier.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dendrochronologia</a> Svarva, Helene Løvstrand; Thun, Terje; Kirchhefer, Andreas; Nesje, Atle.&nbsp;(2018)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2594499" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Little Ice Age summer temperatures in Western Norway from a 700-year tree-ring chronology.</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sagepub.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Holocene</a> Thun, Terje.&nbsp;(2009)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/139226/1297048454/AmS-Varia+2009.pdf/bbf3d6a7-4111-8003-d4b1-51d37d0b1c00?t=1698827646159" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Norwegian dendrochronology; almost a victim of the Black Death</a>.&nbsp;AmS-Varia

When trees talk

A tale of bravery, moral courage and determination —and success against all odds

When Hitler's troops stormed into Norway on April 9, 1940, Germany's goal was to&nbsp;secure the country’s 1200 km long coastline so iron ore from Swedish mines could continue to flow to the northern Norwegian port of Narvik — and eventually to the German war machine.&nbsp;But that wasn't all that Hitler and his followers hoped for, as Norwegian teachers would come to learn.Vidkun Quisling, a Nazi collaborator who nominally headed the Norwegian government during the occupation, wanted Norway to embrace Nazi ideology. He decided the best way to do this was through teachers and schoolchildren. In February 1942, he ordered all teachers to join a new union that would require them to introduce Nazi doctrine to their students. Students were also ordered to join the Norwegian equivalent of the Hitler Youth.But the teachers refused.They organized using tactics right out of a spy movie to resist —&nbsp;scribbling messages in invisible ink, meeting secretly in basements and train stations, and printing newsletters to coordinate efforts across the country. For their efforts, 1100 were arrested — and subjected to months of starvation, torture and hard labour. This week, the story of what happened when the teachers defied Hitler — and won!My guests on today's show are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/martin.oystese" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Martin Øystese </a>and <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/unni.eikeseth" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Unni Eikeseth</a>. Learn more about the teachers' battle: <ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/theteachersprotest/357429493" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Teacher's Protest</a> tells the full story of the teachers' resistance, in a 2020 video by Jon Seal and available for rental from Vimeo.</li><li>"<a href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/tyranny-not-quell/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tyranny could not quell them,</a>" by Gene Sharp, a 24-page booklet published in 1958 by the International Pacifist Weekly that describes the teachers' rebellion, and how the tactics they used could help other groups that are interested in non-violent resistance.</li><li><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/7GbIm9WiCy1XGnJKfMmUhc" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Lærarkrigen mot Quisling</a>, the Norwegian three-part podcast about the teacher's rebellion (in Norwegian)</li><li>Ø.&nbsp;Hetland,&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Karcher&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;K. B.&nbsp;Simonsen&nbsp;(2021)&nbsp;Navigating troubled waters: collaboration and resistance in state institutions in Nazi-occupied Norway,&nbsp;Scandinavian Journal of History,&nbsp;46:1,&nbsp;84-104,&nbsp;DOI:&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2020.1846075" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">10.1080/03468755.2020.1846075</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/139226/1297048454/Norwegian+Teachers+Stand+Firm.pdf/24b5dd8e-9de8-1b04-c9e1-d982ad3a5107?t=1697537105039" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Norwegian Teachers Stand Firm</a> (1942) 32-page booklet published by the Royal Norwegian Government Press Representatives, Washington, DC.</li></ul>

1100 Norwegian teachers fought Hitler — and won

What tea bags and melting permafrost can tell us about our climate future

Up on the Arctic tundra, a young man in chest waders is wandering around a peat bod, burying tea bags — Lipton tea bags, green tea and rooibos, to be exact. This week, I head to Iskoras mountain, a low peak in far northern Norway,&nbsp;outside of the town of Karasjok to find out what burying tea bags in the tundra — and doing sophisticated measurements in a peat bog —can tell us about the future of permafrost and its effects on the climate.This week's guests are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/hanna.lee" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hanna Lee</a>, <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/anja.greschkowiak" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Anja Greschkowiak</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lisa-Van-Solt" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Lisa van Solt</a> and <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/daniel-angulo-serrano-03163a127/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Daniel Angulo Serrano</a>. Here are some videos that explain the research and show the field site in more detail:<ul><li>A brief description of the project, by Inge Althuizen <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz4argYGIb8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz4argYGIb8</a></li><li>An artistic video about the project fieldwork by Sasha Azanova. <a href="https://vimeo.com/457877275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://vimeo.com/457877275</a></li></ul> You can read more about the research in this episode here: Jiao, Yi; Davie-Martin, Cleo L.; Kramshøj, Magnus; Christiansen, Casper Tai; Lee, Hanna; Althuizen, Inge.&nbsp;(2023)&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116355" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Volatile organic compound release across a permafrost-affected peatland.</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.elsevier.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Geoderma</a> Lee, H., Christiansen, C., Althuizen, I., Michelsen, A., Dörsch, P., Westermann, S., and Risk, D.:<a href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU22/EGU22-4211.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Long lasting greenhouse gas emissions beyond abrupt permafrost thaw event in permafrost peatlands, </a>EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4211, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4211, 2022. Rixen, Christian; Høye, Toke Thomas; Macek, Petr; Aerts, Rien; Alatalo, Juha M.; Andeson, Jill T..&nbsp;(2022)&nbsp;<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24163" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems.</a>&nbsp;Arctic Science Cai, Lei; Lee, Hanna; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Westermann, Sebastian.&nbsp;(2020)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10852/82112" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Projecting circum-Arctic excess-ground-ice melt with a sub-grid representation in the Community Land Model.</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.egu.eu/publications/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Cryosphere</a>

Tea bags on the tundra

Two surgeons and a (not so) radical idea in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone used to be the most dangerous place in the world to give birth. Without enough doctors to do C-sections, women and babies were dying. But what if you didn't need a doctor?This week, the story of two determined surgeons and a no-so radical idea that is saving lives in Sierra Leone — one emergency operation at a time.You can read more about the non-profit organization the doctors created to fund their training programme at <a href="https://capacare.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">capacare.org</a> Our guests on today's show are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/hakon.a.bolkan" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Håkon Bolkan</a>, <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/aalke.j.v.duinen" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Alex van Duinen </a>and <a href="https://capacare.org/10-years-of-capacare-the-first-students/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Emmanuel Tommy</a>. Here are some of the academic articles discussed in the show:<ul><li>Bolkan, Håkon Angell; Schreeb, Johan; Samai, Mohamed; Bash-Taqi, Donald Alpha; Kamara, T. B.; Salvesen, Øyvind.&nbsp;(2015)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2459091" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Met and unmet need for surgery in Sierra Leone: a comprehensive retrospective countrywide survey from all healthcare facilities performing surgery in 2012.</a>&nbsp;Surgery</li><li>Brolin, Kim; van Duinen, Aalke Johan; Nordenstedt, Helena; Hoijer, J; Molnes, Ragnhild; Frøseth, Torunn Wigum.&nbsp;(2016)&nbsp;<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0150080&amp;type=printable" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Impact of the West Africa Ebola Outbreak on Obstetric Health Care in Sierra Leone.</a>&nbsp;PLOS ONE</li><li>Bolkan, Håkon Angell; van Duinen, Aalke Johan; Waalewijn, Bart; Elhassein, Mohamed; Kamara, T. B.; Deen, G F.&nbsp;(2017)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2456649" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Safety, productivity and predicted contribution of a surgical task-sharing programme in Sierra Leone.</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">British Journal of Surgery</a></li><li>Treacy, Laura; Bolkan, Håkon Angell; Sagbakken, Mette.&nbsp;(2018)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2557735" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Distance, accessibility and costs. Decision-making During Childbirth in Rural Sierra Leone: a Qualitative Study.</a>&nbsp;PLOS ONE</li><li>Drevin, Gustaf; Alvesson, Helle Mölsted; van Duinen, Aalke Johan; Bolkan, Håkon Angell; Koroma, Alimamy philip; von Schreeb, Johan.&nbsp;(2019)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2619091" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">”For this one, let me take the risk”: why surgical staff continued to perform caesarean sections during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone.</a>&nbsp;BMJ Global Health</li><li>van Duinen, Aalke Johan; Kamara, Michael M.; Hagander, Lars; Ashley, Thomas; Koroma, Alimamy Philip; Leather, Andy J.M..&nbsp;(2019)&nbsp;<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2639057" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Caesarean section performed by medical doctors and associate clinicians in Sierra Leone.</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">British Journal of Surgery</a></li><li>van Duinen, Aalke Johan; Westendorp, Josien; Kamara, Michael M; Forna, Fatu; Hagander, Lars; Rijken, Marcus J..&nbsp;(2020)&nbsp;<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2673114" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Perinatal outcomes of cesarean deliveries in Sierra Leone: A prospective multicenter observational study.</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-no" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics</a></li></ul>

When the doctor is out

Technology once imperiled whales; can eavesdropping on them now help save them?

Norwegian technology, courtesy of the 19th-century whaler <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend_Foyn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Svend Foyn</a>, played a critical role in establishing the modern era of industrial whaling.By the time the 1960s rolled around, most large whale populations hovered on the brink of extinction. Now, Norwegian researchers are testing new technologies so they can track and study these marine giants — and help protect them. This week, tapping into fibre-optic cables to eavesdrop on whales in a way that's never been done before— and how deploying a comprehensive library of whale dialects can help prevent ship-whale collisions in busy California shipping ports. This week's guests are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/jennifer.bailey" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Jennifer Bailey</a>, a professor at NTNU's Department of Sociology and Political Science; <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/martin.landro" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Martin Landrø</a>, a professor at NTNU's Department of Electronic Systems; <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/lea-bouffaut/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Léa Bouffaut</a>, a postdoc at the Cornell University K. Lisa&nbsp;Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics; and <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/ana.sirovic" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ana Širović</a>, an associate professor at NTNU's Department of Biology. Ana's work with whale dialects and ship strikes is part of the <a href="https://whalesafe.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Whale Safe Project.</a> You can read more about the fibre-optic research in these articles from Norwegian SciTech News:<a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/05/tracking-whales-as-they-cruise-the-arctic/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tracking whales as they cruise the Arctic</a><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2023/01/eavesdropping-on-the-earth-itself/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Eavesdropping on the Earth itself</a><a href="https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2022/07/eavesdropping-on-whales-in-the-high-arctic/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Eavesdropping on whales in the High Arctic</a> Here are some of the academic articles related to the research discussed in the episode.<ul><li>Landrø, M., Bouffaut, L., Kriesell, H.J.&nbsp;et al.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23606-x" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sensing whales, storms, ships and earthquakes using an Arctic fibre optic cable.&nbsp;</a>Sci Rep&nbsp;12, 19226 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23606-x</li><li>Léa Bouffaut, Kittinat Taweesintananon, Hannah Kriesell, Robin A Rørstadbotnen, John R Potter,&nbsp;Martin Landrø, Ståle E Johansen, Jan K Brenne,&nbsp;Aksel Haukanes, Olaf Schjelderup and Frode Storvik.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.901348/abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Eavesdropping at the speed of light: distributed acoustic sensing of baleen whales in the Arctic.</a>&nbsp;Frontiers in Marine Science. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.901348</li><li>Rørstadbotnen RA, Eidsvik J, Bouffaut L, Landrø M, Potter J, Taweesintananon K, Johansen S, Storevik F, Jacobsen J, Schjelderup O, Wienecke S, Johansen TA,&nbsp;Ruud BO, Wuestefeld A and Oye V (2023)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1130898" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Simultaneous tracking of multiple whales using two fiber-optic cables in the Arctic</a>. Front. Mar. Sci.&nbsp;10:1130898.&nbsp;DOI=10.3389/fmars.2023.1130898</li></ul>

Listening to Leviathans: Sounds from the deep

Is high intensity interval training the magic pill?

In 1998, a young Norwegian exercise physiologist found that a technique he had used to help Olympic athletes could help heart patients too. But his idea made doctors sweat. One famous cardiologist told him that if he used his technique in human heart attack patients, he "would kill them."Today's show looks at what happened when our researcher, Ulrik Wisløff, defied the experts — and built a career learning how high intensity interval training can help everyone from heart patients and ageing Baby Boomers, and possibly even Alzheimer's patients — but not in the way you might think!Our guests on today's show are <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/ulrik.wisloff" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ulrik Wisløff,</a> <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/dorthe.stensvold" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dorthe Stensvold</a> and<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/atefe.r.tari" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Atefe Tari.</a>Here's a <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/139226/1297048454/Rat_on_treadmill.jpg/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">link to a rat on a treadmill</a> photo.Here's a list of some of the research mentioned in the podcast, with links:<ul><li>Wisløff U, Helgerud J, Kemi OJ, Ellingsen O. <a href="https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.3.H1301" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Intensity-controlled treadmill running in rats: VO(2 max) and cardiac hypertrophy</a>. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):H1301-10.</li><li>Wisløff U, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo Ø, Haram PM, Tjønna AE, Helgerud J, Slørdahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen Ø, Skjaerpe T. S<a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">uperior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study.</a> Circulation. 2007 Jun 19;115(24):3086-94. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041. Epub 2007 Jun 4.</li><li>Øivind Rognmo,&nbsp;Trine Moholdt,&nbsp;Hilde Bakken,&nbsp;Torstein Hole,&nbsp;Per Mølstad,&nbsp;Nils Erling Myhr,&nbsp;Jostein Grimsmo&nbsp;and&nbsp;Ulrik Wisløff.<a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Cardiovascular Risk of High- Versus Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Coronary Heart Disease Patients </a>Circulation. 2012;126:1436-1440. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117</li><li>Stensvold&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Viken&nbsp;H,&nbsp;Steinshamn&nbsp;S L,&nbsp;Dalen&nbsp;H,&nbsp;Støylen&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Loennechen&nbsp;J P&nbsp;et al.<a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3485.long" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">&nbsp;Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults—the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial</a>&nbsp;BMJ&nbsp;2020;&nbsp;371&nbsp;:m3485&nbsp;</li><li>Tari AR, Nauman J, Zisko N, Skjellegrind HK, Bosnes I, Bergh S, Stensvold D, Selbæk G, Wisløff U.<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(19)30183-5/fulltext" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Temporal changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of dementia incidence and mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study</a>. Lancet Public Health. 2019 Nov;4(11):e565-e574.</li><li>Tari AR, Berg HH, Videm V, Bråthen G, White LR, Røsbjørgen RN, Scheffler K, Dalen H, Holte E, Haberg AK, Selbaek G, Lydersen S, Duezel E, Bergh S, Logan-Halvorsrud KR, Sando SB, Wisløff U. <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/9/e056964.long" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Safety and efficacy of plasma transfusion from exercise-trained donors in patients with early Alzheimer's disease: protocol for the ExPlas study.</a> BMJ Open. 2022 Sep 6;12(9):e056964.</li></ul>

Running rats and healing hearts

Science from Europe's outer edge 

We bring you surprising stories of science, history and innovation from 63 Degrees North, the home of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Listen as we explore the mysteries of the polar night, the history of Viking raiders, and how geologists and engineers are working to save the planet, one carbon dioxide molecule at a time — and more. Take a journey to Europe's outer edge for fascinating tales and remarkable discoveries.

63 Degrees North

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